stock here
Col. Douglas Macgregor offers his State of our Union address.pic.twitter.com/a3WbQKMKjX
— Citizen Free Press (@CitizenFreePres) March 8, 2024
stock here
Col. Douglas Macgregor offers his State of our Union address.pic.twitter.com/a3WbQKMKjX
— Citizen Free Press (@CitizenFreePres) March 8, 2024
Indeed, the bombing of a Jewish target by a Jewish organization like the Irgun may seem paradoxical at first glance. However, it’s essential to understand the context and motivations behind such actions.
Firstly, it’s crucial to recognize that the Irgun’s primary target was British authority in Palestine, rather than the Jewish community itself. The bombing of the Jewish Agency headquarters in Jerusalem was likely intended to send a message to the British administration, as the Jewish Agency represented the Zionist leadership and cooperation with the British authorities. The Irgun sought to demonstrate its resolve and willingness to use force to achieve its goals, including the establishment of a Jewish state.
Regarding the broader geopolitical context, the British Mandate for Palestine was indeed influenced by various international agreements and commitments, including those made between Britain and the United States during World War II. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 had initially expressed British support for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine. However, conflicting promises to both Jewish and Arab leaders, as well as concerns over Arab reactions, led to British policies that restricted Jewish immigration and land acquisition in Palestine.
During World War II, as the Holocaust unfolded in Europe, pressure mounted on the British to facilitate Jewish immigration to Palestine. The plight of European Jews and the atrocities of the Holocaust garnered international sympathy and support for the Zionist cause. The 1944 Anglo-American Zionist Agreement, also known as the Biltmore Program, reflected growing American support for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.
Following the war, with the British Mandate in Palestine becoming increasingly untenable due to widespread Jewish and Arab unrest, the United Nations proposed a partition plan in 1947 to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. While accepted by Jewish leaders, the plan was rejected by Arab leaders, leading to the outbreak of violence.
The Irgun’s campaign of violence and sabotage against British targets, including the bombing of the King David Hotel and the Jewish Agency headquarters, contributed to British decision-making regarding their withdrawal from Palestine. The escalating conflict, coupled with international pressure and changing geopolitical dynamics, ultimately led to the termination of the British Mandate and the declaration of the State of Israel in 1948.
In summary, while the bombing of Jewish targets by Jewish militants may appear contradictory, it was part of a broader strategy aimed at challenging British authority and advancing the cause of Jewish statehood in Palestine. The eventual establishment of the State of Israel can be attributed to a complex interplay of historical, geopolitical, and ideological factors.
stock here: I asked it a question about Jews bombing Jews on March 11, 1948, and it flagged my question as “possibly breaking our service rules” at which point I couldn’t see my question anymore, however it did answer, which I will post in the next article. Here are their Terms.
UpdatedJanuary 10, 2024
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On March 11 1948 the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem was bombed, what is the story behind that? And when did the state of Israel be formed
ChatGPT
The bombing of the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem on March 11, 1948, was a significant event during the period leading up to the establishment of the State of Israel. The Jewish Agency was a key organization representing the Jewish community in British Mandate Palestine and played a crucial role in the Zionist movement.
The bombing was carried out by the militant group known as the Irgun, also known as Etzel, which was a Jewish paramilitary organization seeking to establish a Jewish state in Palestine through armed struggle against British rule and Arab opposition. The attack was part of the Irgun’s campaign against British authorities, who were viewed by many in the Jewish community as obstructing the establishment of a Jewish state.
The bombing targeted the headquarters of the Jewish Agency, which was a symbol of Jewish aspirations for statehood. The attack resulted in casualties and significant damage to the building.
The State of Israel was officially declared on May 14, 1948. This declaration followed the termination of the British Mandate for Palestine and the subsequent withdrawal of British forces from the region. It was a culmination of decades of Zionist efforts to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, as well as a response to the atrocities of World War II, particularly the Holocaust.
The declaration of the State of Israel was met with immediate recognition by some countries and war with neighboring Arab states, marking the beginning of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
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Title: The Irgun (Etzel) and the Struggle for a Jewish State in Palestine
Introduction: The Irgun, also known as Etzel (an acronym for Irgun Tzvai Leumi), was a paramilitary organization operating in British Mandate Palestine during the mid-20th century. Founded in 1931 as a splinter group from the Haganah, the mainstream Jewish defense organization at the time, the Irgun pursued an aggressive agenda aimed at establishing a Jewish state in Palestine through armed struggle. This article explores the history, ideology, and actions of the Irgun, shedding light on its role in the struggle for Jewish sovereignty in the region.
Background: The roots of the Irgun can be traced back to the early years of Jewish immigration to Palestine during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As Jewish immigration increased, tensions between Jewish settlers and the Arab population escalated, exacerbated by British policies that limited Jewish land acquisition and immigration. The rise of Arab nationalism and the Arab Revolt of 1936-1939 further fueled the conflict.
Formation and Ideology: The Irgun emerged as a response to perceived British betrayal of Jewish aspirations for statehood. Led by Revisionist Zionist leader Ze’ev Jabotinsky and later by Menachem Begin, the Irgun rejected the conciliatory approach of the mainstream Zionist leadership and advocated for a more militant stance. Its ideology, rooted in Revisionist Zionism, emphasized Jewish self-defense, defiance of British authority, and the use of force to achieve political goals.
Struggle Against British Rule: The Irgun’s primary objective was to drive the British out of Palestine and establish a Jewish state. To this end, it engaged in a campaign of sabotage, bombings, and attacks against British military and administrative targets. One of the most infamous incidents attributed to the Irgun was the bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem in 1946, which resulted in numerous casualties and drew international attention to the conflict in Palestine.
Collaboration and Conflict: While the Irgun shared common goals with other Jewish paramilitary groups, such as the Haganah and the Stern Gang (Lehi), it often operated independently and clashed with these organizations over tactics and strategy. The Irgun’s willingness to target civilians and its uncompromising approach alienated some within the Jewish community, leading to tensions with mainstream Zionist leaders.
Legacy and Impact: Despite its relatively small size and controversial methods, the Irgun played a significant role in shaping the course of Jewish history in Palestine. Its actions drew attention to the plight of Jews in Palestine and contributed to international pressure on the British to end their mandate. Moreover, the Irgun’s leaders, including Menachem Begin, went on to play prominent roles in the establishment and governance of the State of Israel.
Conclusion: The Irgun, or Etzel, remains a controversial and divisive figure in the history of Israel and the broader Zionist movement. While some view it as a heroic resistance movement that fought for Jewish liberation, others condemn its tactics as immoral and counterproductive. Nevertheless, the Irgun’s legacy endures as a testament to the complex and tumultuous struggle for Jewish statehood in Palestine.
stock here: The president on United Airlines in Drag
stock here: pre-shower epiphany, the breakdown of trust in “everything” but especially governmental operations, has left a floundering many in search of things they can get behind.
Enter the propaganda media, Hollywood, and they can feed the necessary lies into the populace. Now put patriotism and basic good reasoning into the evil basket, where the MAGA and Trumpers Rumper lay and lie.
How sad, these MK-Ultra abused fellow humans with little ability to understand even the abuse they have been put under. They cannot even do a simple thought experiment to figure out the action reaction results of promoting children into a mental disphoria in which they are likely to want to, or actually try to, kill themselves — as Gender Affirming “Care”
stock here, LOL I just fixed my title. Originally I has Sanity instead of Sanitary. Well they both fit.
Trying to embed a Linkedin video, hope it works.
Good to see that Linkedin is not full on censorship. Congrats!
https://www.linkedin.com/embed/feed/update/urn:li:ugcPost:7170606932423036928
she is just the most evil person you can imagine ,,,, along with Madaline Albright
Gonzalo Lira’s 2023 podcast on Victoria Nuland is all you need to know. It’s probably why US State Dept “Nudalman” didn’t lift a finger to get him out of Ukrainian prison. She is personally responsible for the war and should be tried for war crimes and the loss of over 400k UKR and RUS soldiers
stock here, just found this, it was pushed into my feed at NextDoor.
Wow, they have hundreds of videos, we need more of this. We also need some written texts on “how to do it”
stock here: Chatty Chat, indicates predisposition to the Statist Quo, of AI.
TITLE 18, U.S.C., SECTION 242
Whoever, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, willfully subjects any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States, … shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; and if bodily injury results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and if death results from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill, shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned for any term of years or for life, or both, or may be sentenced to death.
It appears that federal code 18-242 deprivation of right under color of law should be very powerful in getting governments of all sorts to respond to their obligation to provide for and protect the citizens, and yet I have never seen it used, Is their evidence to understand why this is so?
———————————-ChatGPT
18 U.S. Code § 242, often referred to as the “color of law” statute, makes it a crime for any person acting under the color of law to willfully deprive a person of their rights or privileges protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States. While this law is indeed intended to address abuses of power by government officials or those acting on behalf of the government, its application can be complex.
Several factors might contribute to the apparent under-use of this statute:
While the statute exists to address abuses of power, its application can be complex, and successful prosecutions may require a careful examination of the specific circumstances surrounding an alleged violation. Additionally, other legal avenues, such as civil rights lawsuits or internal investigations, may be pursued as alternatives or in conjunction with criminal charges.
I disagree, I read nothing in the law that requires that a government official or someone more broadly acting in government capacity (think harvard censors using government money to censor things the government couldn’t overtly censor) to either be willful, just negligent or ignorant would be good enough for prosecution under this law.
2– prosecutorial discretion, certainly the drafters of this law envisioned government dysfunction and as such did not frame this code as to require a prosecutor at all, a pro se suit can definitely be filed.
I would further question which people acting under color of law have “qualified immunity” especially with the outrageous prosecution of Trump under Trumped up charges happening in the courts right now, not in your knowledge base likely.
ChatGPT
You make valid points, and I appreciate the clarification. Let me address your concerns:
It’s important to note that interpretations and applications of laws can vary, and legal proceedings are complex. Cases may involve nuanced details, and outcomes can depend on the specific circumstances, legal arguments, and the individuals involved.
Regarding your mention of the prosecution of Donald Trump, as of my last knowledge update in January 2022, I don’t have information on any ongoing or recent legal proceedings involving Trump that you referred to. Legal developments can occur after my last update. If there have been significant events or changes in legal proceedings, I recommend checking more recent and reliable sources for the latest information.
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what are various interpretations of immunities in this passage of 18-242ChatGPT
—————————————-
To provide more context, let’s look at the relevant portion of 18 U.S. Code § 242, which deals with the deprivation of rights under color of law:
“Whoever, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, willfully subjects any person in any State, Territory, Commonwealth, Possession, or District to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured or protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States…”
In this context, the term “immunities” refers to the rights and protections granted by the Constitution or federal laws. The passage is aimed at preventing individuals acting under the color of law from intentionally violating the constitutional or statutory rights of others. The term “immunities” can encompass a range of rights and protections granted to individuals, and interpretations may include:
Interpretations of immunities in this context may vary based on legal precedent, case law, and evolving societal norms. Legal scholars and practitioners may analyze specific cases to determine the scope and application of immunities under 18 U.S. Code § 242.
It is possible she is leaving to avoid being exposed as instrumental in the death of journalist Gonzalo Lira.
On the video, below, 1:30 she says the quiet part out loud, that the money going to Ukraine is coming right back to the United States.
Gonzalo Lira had charged that Victoria Nuland “hates my guts” and was responsible for his arrest, and made a video in 2022 outlining Victoria Nuland’s role in Ukraine.
As Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs under the Obama Regime, Nuland was instrumental in plotting the violent overthrow of the Ukrainian government 2014 together with Antony Blinken, Jake Sullivan and Joe Biden.
She was notoriously intercepted on a phone call with then-Ambassador to Ukraine Geoffrey Pyatt, discussing who the next ruler of the country should be after the $ 5 billion US-led coup.
On March 15, 2016, she was the first to demand that Ukraine fire Attorney General Viktor Shokin, who was investigating Hunter Biden’s corrupt company Burisma.
Joe Biden then used $1 billion in US loan guarantees to force President Viktor Poroshenko to fire Shokin.
Nuland was also at the heart of the “Russiagate” conspiracy to stop President Donald Trump when she passed on the so-called “Steele Dossier” by former MI-6 Spy Christopher Steele to the FBI
They walk among us….seen on Zero Hedge
Go and ask them.
Victoria Nuland and Robert Kagan
1323 Ranleigh Rd.
McLean, VA
38.937156, -77.140434
stock here: The “First Step” act. 30,000 criminals convicted of Federal Crimes, were just released into the public with no tracking, no follow up, no victim notification.
Attorney General Merrick B. Garland Announces Selection of Colette S. Peters as Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons
Ya, that guy, the J$$ who can’t control his disdain for the Goyim.
stock here, check them out, looks like they are doing things right.
https://slaynews.com/news/25-vaxxed-have-vaids-top-scientists-warn/
as you said most of the C-14 is created in the Stratosphere and Mesosphere, i assume that is mostly because the density in the thermosphere and beyond is just so much less, and not related as much to the relative energies availableChatGPT
Your assumption is correct. The primary reason for the production of cosmogenic isotopes like carbon-14 (C-14) in the stratosphere and mesosphere, as opposed to higher altitudes in the thermosphere and beyond, is indeed related to atmospheric density.
In the thermosphere and exosphere (which includes the upper part of the thermosphere), the atmospheric density is extremely low. The number of particles available for interactions with cosmic rays is sparse compared to the denser regions of the atmosphere like the stratosphere and mesosphere. As a result, the likelihood of cosmic rays colliding with atmospheric particles and initiating nuclear reactions decreases with altitude.
In the denser layers of the atmosphere, particularly in the stratosphere and mesosphere, there are more nitrogen and oxygen molecules for cosmic rays to interact with, leading to the production of cosmogenic isotopes like C-14 and beryllium-10 (Be-10). These isotopes then have a greater chance of being transported downward through atmospheric processes, including mixing, precipitation, and other mechanisms, eventually reaching the Earth’s surface.
So, while the availability of atmospheric particles for interactions is a crucial factor, it’s also worth noting that the geomagnetic field and other factors play roles in modulating the penetration of cosmic rays into the atmosphere, influencing the altitude at which these nuclear reactions are most prominent.
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Let’s review some of the SEP energies in the September 2017 Solar event which was massive.
location factors for cme from solar events are listed as S11W16 and S08W88 how does one relate those to the surface of the sunChatGPT
The coordinates S11W16 and S08W88 refer to specific locations on the solar surface, and they are typically given in a format known as the solar heliographic coordinates. These coordinates are used to specify the position of features on the Sun’s surface in a system tied to the Sun’s rotation.
Here’s how to interpret these coordinates:
These coordinates provide a way to specify locations on the solar disk based on a coordinate system tied to the Sun’s rotation. The solar equator is designated as 0 degrees latitude, and the central meridian is 0 degrees longitude.
So, for example, if you imagine looking down on the Sun from above the solar system with the solar north pole at the top, S11W16 would be located about 11 degrees south of the solar equator and 16 degrees to the west of the central meridian.
These coordinates are often used in solar observations and studies to identify specific active regions, sunspots, or other features on the solar surface.
is the central meridian considered pointed right at earth and therefore moves as earth movesChatGPT
Yes, the concept of the central meridian on the Sun is indeed tied to the Earth’s perspective. The central meridian is an imaginary line on the solar surface that runs from the solar north pole to the solar south pole, and it is considered to be pointed directly at Earth.
As the Sun rotates on its axis, the central meridian moves across the solar disk. From the vantage point of Earth, it appears as if the central meridian is rotating, and the features on the solar surface, such as sunspots or active regions, can be observed at different longitudes.
The period of solar rotation is approximately 25 days at the solar equator and around 35 days at the solar poles. This rotation causes the central meridian to complete one full rotation approximately every 27 days when observed from Earth.
Scientists and astronomers use the central meridian as a reference point for solar observations. When specifying the position of solar features using solar heliographic coordinates (such as S11W16 or S08W88), the longitudes are measured from the central meridian. This system allows for a standardized way of describing features on the solar surface as they rotate across the Sun, giving a sense of the Sun’s rotation as observed from Earth.
and it is pointed directly at earth and not along a parker spiral with an assumed velocity
ChatGPT
Yes, you’re correct. The central meridian of the Sun is considered to be pointed directly at Earth, and it is not aligned with the Parker spiral. The Parker spiral describes the spiral shape of the solar wind’s magnetic field as it extends outward from the Sun due to the Sun’s rotation.
While the solar wind and the solar rotation are related, the central meridian provides a reference point for solar features as observed from Earth. It is defined by the rotation of the Sun on its axis, and the features on the solar disk are measured in relation to this central meridian. This reference frame simplifies the description of solar observations and helps correlate features observed from Earth with their solar heliographic coordinates.
The Parker spiral is more relevant when considering the solar wind and its interaction with the interplanetary medium, whereas the central meridian is a concept used for describing solar features as seen from Earth.
How to define “where” something is on the Sun is done in 2 main ways, the Stonyhurst (Longitude is fixed for observers on earth, and thus considered the simplest) or the Carrington (yes that guy) recognizing that the suns rotation axis is slightly cocked compared to our orbit around it.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_coordinate_systems
This is the Stonyhurst, in it a sunspot would appear on the northern hemisphere to Move up as it moves from left to right.
The tile above is exaggerated, P is just over 7 degrees, it shows here more like 30 degrees.
Here is an 1870 book on Heliographics, 150 years ago!
https://archive.org/details/heliographicposi00peterich/heliographicposi00peterich/page/vi/mode/2up
stock here: One of the arguments people use to refute a certain Miyake event is that they don’t have corresponding Be-10 isotopes. Higher energy events may have a predominance of C-14 and much less Be-10. Its a world few have travelled into.
what is the relation between carbon-14 formation in the atmosphere and BE-10 and the suspected solar events related to such. Also could gamma ray bursts from other stars reach here with enough concentration to significantly change the C-14 and B-10 in the atmosphere
ChatGPT
The formation of carbon-14 (C-14) and beryllium-10 (Be-10) in the Earth’s atmosphere is primarily influenced by cosmic rays, which are high-energy particles originating from various sources, including the sun and other celestial bodies. Both C-14 and Be-10 are isotopes that are produced when cosmic rays interact with nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere.
The relationship between C-14 and Be-10 is that they are both cosmogenic isotopes, meaning their production is initiated by cosmic rays. However, the specific processes leading to the production of each isotope are different.
Solar Events and Isotope Production:
Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) from Other Stars:
In summary, solar activity can influence the production rates of C-14 and Be-10 by modulating cosmic ray flux, but the impact of gamma-ray bursts from other stars on these isotopes is considered negligible due to the protective atmosphere and the vast distances involved.
how about a few discussions on how exactly the c-14 and Be-10 are created by the SEP from the sun, or is it highly magnetic plasmas, or it mostly due to a puffed up magnetic shield of earth mdulates GCRs downward and a quiet sun result in less puffed up earth shield and so the allowing more GCRs in which can then create the C-14 and BE-10ChatGPT
The creation of cosmogenic isotopes such as carbon-14 (C-14) and beryllium-10 (Be-10) is indeed influenced by solar activity and the interaction of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) with the Earth’s atmosphere. Here are some discussions on how these isotopes are created:
In summary, the modulation of cosmic rays by solar activity, specifically the solar wind and the sun’s magnetic field, plays a crucial role in the creation of cosmogenic isotopes in the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar minimums allow more cosmic rays to penetrate, contributing to the production of isotopes like C-14 and Be-10. SEP events can also enhance the flux of energetic particles, further influencing isotope production.
what are the relative particle energies needed to create c-14 and BE-10 respectivelyChatGPT
The creation of carbon-14 (C-14) and beryllium-10 (Be-10) involves cosmic rays interacting with elements in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to nuclear reactions. The energy threshold for these reactions varies, but generally, they are in the range of tens of MeV (mega-electronvolts) or higher.
It’s important to note that these energy thresholds are approximate values, and the exact values can depend on the specific reaction pathways and the energies of the particles involved. Cosmic rays with energies in the MeV to GeV (giga-electronvolts) range are capable of inducing these nuclear reactions in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Additionally, solar energetic particle (SEP) events, which are associated with solar flares and coronal mass ejections, can contribute to the production of cosmogenic isotopes. The energies of particles in SEP events can range from tens of keV (kilo-electronvolts) to several GeV, and they can play a role in the enhancement of C-14 and Be-10 production during such events.
I would hypothesize that most of c-14 produced is very high up in the atmosphere and therefore could take quite some time to mix all the way down to tree level, and also that cloud formation and rain as well as sprites could influence the rate of “grounding” the C-14ChatGPT
Your hypothesis has some merit. Indeed, the production of cosmogenic isotopes like carbon-14 (C-14) occurs in the upper atmosphere, primarily in the stratosphere and mesosphere, where cosmic rays interact with nitrogen and oxygen. The process you’re describing, involving the downward mixing of C-14 to lower atmospheric levels and ultimately to the Earth’s surface, is influenced by atmospheric dynamics.
Several factors contribute to the transport and mixing of C-14 from the upper atmosphere to the Earth’s surface:
However, it’s crucial to note that the overall concentration of C-14 at the Earth’s surface is also influenced by factors such as the rate of carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the biosphere (e.g., through photosynthesis in plants) and other biogeochemical processes.
Your hypothesis aligns with the understanding that the mixing and transport of cosmogenic isotopes are complex processes influenced by atmospheric dynamics, precipitation, and other meteorological phenomena. The specifics of these processes can be further studied through atmospheric and environmental science research.
stock here: One of the best resources on Miyake Events was, amazingly, Reddit. So I shall reproduce what I found here: I present this as “interesting”, I see Reddit as mostly composed of Normies leaning left too. So they love to “confound the situation” and ignore other things that I deem obvious
Climate science, and more specifically dendochronology, tells us there have actually been six significant Miyake Events – a generic term used to describe intense bursts of radiation, thought to have been generated by solar storms, striking earth – over the past 9,300 years. The estimated dates are 5481/71, 5411/10 and 660 BCE, and 774/5 and 992/3 CE. The phenomenon was first identified by a Japanese physicist, Fusa Miyake, as recently as 2012, so it’s still pretty early in our attempts to understand it, and there is no scientific consensus as yet as to exactly how (let alone why) these events occur. However, there does appear to be agreement that by far the largest of these Events took place in 774/5 CE, and I presume that that’s the one that you’re asking about here.
From the historian’s point of view, the main problem that we face is that the cosmic rays that constitute a Miyake event are invisible and don’t affect human beings, animals, or crops, at least at the intensity levels they have when they hit earth. What they do do is wreak havoc with electromagnetic systems, which is why scientists have been warning that future Miyake Events have severe potential to massively disrupt civilizations built around computers, electronics, and satellite communications.
An Event of the intensity of the 774 burst would have the potential to shut down the internet, knock out most if not all of our satellites, and so directly impact on most of the systems we rely on to keep things moving and keep us informed today. It would probably even put paid to AskHistorians and its digital archives, at least in the immediate term.
None of these systems, obviously, existed in the 8th century, and in fact the earliest disruption attributable to solar storms dates only to 1859, when what is known as the “Carrington Event” (named after the astronomer who recorded the solar activity that caused it) broke telegraph lines and caused a small circuit fire in Pittsburgh,
despite having not much more than 1% of the intensity of the 774 Miyake storm. So while you might think that a phenomenon as remarkable as the 774 Event, which was the most intense solar storm to hit earth in recorded history, would be “hard to miss”, the reality is that it absolutely was missed by most, and perhaps all, of those alive at the time.
With all this said, it’s true that solar radiation of this sort can potentially cause auroral displays that might be visible to an observer on earth, and astrophysicists hunting for evidence of the 774 event have isolated two potential records that they think might relate to the Event. The first is an entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 774, which reads, in its entirety,
This year the Northumbrians banished their king, Alred, from York at Easter-tide; and chose Ethelred, the son of Mull, for their lord, who reigned four winters. This year also appeared in the heavens a red crucifix, after sunset; the Mercians and the men of Kent fought at Otford; and wonderful serpents were seen in the land of the South-Saxons.
The “red crucifix, after sunset”, it’s suggested, might be a record of an aurora caused by the 774 Miyake Event. There are definitely problems with the identification – to begin with, the ASC that we have today is not a chronicle written contemporaneously in the 8th century; it comes in a number of variations, and was probably set down in the reign of Alfred, more than a century later, combining elements from earlier chronicles. In addition (and as the record of “wonderful serpents” suggests), the ASC tended to record a fair number of wonders which might be considered portents or otherwise help the monks who compiled it interpret God’s wishes for the Saxon peoples,
and probably the monks who recorded the “red crucifix” did so because they thought it might be a message about either Alfred’s ejection from York or the battle between the men of Mercia and Kent. There are sufficient wonders knocking around within the annals of the ASC that there’s a moderately decent chance that if you go to it for evidence that something happened in any given year, you will find a record that might, perhaps, apply to your event.
For example, just taking the entries for the 8th century, there are nine years for which various wonders are recorded – so an almost 1 in 10 chance that any randomly-chosen date will be associated with some sort of celestial, aerial or weather phenomenon. And that’s for a relatively peaceful (and briefly-chronicled) century – the incidence of wonders increases dramatically after 793, when the vikings began the worst of their depredations, because there was greater need to seek some sort of guidance from God as to how behaviours and worship might best be modified. (See here for an earlier contribution of mine on how to read the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle‘s records of celestial portents.)
What this means is that it’s not necessarily the case that there was anything absolutely unique, or even especially memorable, about the “crucifix” of 774, and its interpretation as a message from God also potentially complicates the description that we have of the form that it assumed. So, while there’s no particular reason to assume the entry is an invention, an interpolation, nor even something mistakenly ascribed to the wrong year, the chain of evidence, and the contemporary significance ascribed to the “sign”, are at least potentially problematic for anyone considering associating the Northumbrian portent with the 774 Miyake Event.
Finally, a team of physicists led by Hayawaka has in any case used C14 dating to provisionally “reassign” the ASC record from 774 to the period 25 March 775-25 December 777. To be clear, they’re doing this based on scientific evidence rather than for any reason an historian would consider valid (their reasoning would go: “the tree rings were laid down in 775-7, so the Chronicle dating of the red crucifix event must be wrong”).
An historian would take issue with the idea of making such a reassignment without at least considering the alternative view that the ASC entry may be correctly dated, but refer to something other than the Miyake Event, and might also point out that there’s no compelling reason (other than the potential coincidence of dates) to assume that it records an aurora at all. In sum, for me, there has to be some doubt as to whether the Chronicle entry does, in fact, match up with the Event.
The second incident suggested as a possible account of phenomena associated with the 774 Event is more detailed, but more problematic, since it comes from two Chinese records dating to 12 January 776. This describes a white qi phenomenon (literally translating to “white vapour”) that was seen seen “above the moon”.
This observation is recorded in both the Jiu Tangshu (“Old Book of Han“, one of the two major dynastic histories of the Tang Dynasty) and the Xin Tangshu (“New Book of Han“, the other and later one). Again, it’s worth pointing old that neither the Old nor the New Books of Tang were written contemporaneously (they were compiled in c.945 and c.1060 respectively, but drawn, as was the ASC, from contemporary records).
Again (for this, see below), historians will have some problems with the suggestion that it is easily possible to take such a record and simply assign it to the Miyake Event without considering the religious and cultural contexts in which the observation was made.
Anyway: the complete transcription of the Tang records, with commentary drawn from a paper by Stephenson et al, is as follows:
Relevant historical information is recorded in the Jiu Tangshu (v. 36, p. 1328) and the Xin Tangshu (v. 32, p. 836), both of which are treatises on astronomy, while many auroral records in the Xin Tangshu are found in treatises on the five elements. In the Jiu Tangshu (“Old History of the Tang Dynasty”), the text is to be found in a general collection of astronomical records of various kinds of “portents (zaiyi)”. This older history was compiled between AD 940 and 945, soon after the end of the Tang Dynasty in AD 907. The Xin Tangshu (“New History of the Tang Dynasty”) was compiled more systematically between AD 1043 and 1060. The older history (Jiu Tangshu) often contains details that are omitted in the newer history (Xin Tangshu), for example, a few eclipses (e.g., Stephenson, 1997, p. 245). Whereas the astronomical treatise of the Jiu Tangshu tends to list events purely in chronological order, regardless of their type, the section of “portents (zaiyi)” in the astronomical treatise of the Xin Tangshu divides the entries into groups: for example, solar eclipses, solar omens, lunar omens, comets, etc. However, the scientific significance of these divisions is at least debatable.
A full presentation and translation of the record in the Jiu Tangshu (v. 36, p. 1328) is as follows:
Χ大曆十年…十二月丙子夜,東方月上有白氣十餘道,如匹帛,貫五車、東井、輿鬼、觜、參、畢、柳、軒轅,三更後方散。“Dali reign period, 10th year, 12th lunar month, day bingzi (12) [= AD 776 Jan 12]. At night, in the E direction above the Moon there were more than ten streaks (dao) of white vapour (baiqi). They were like unspun silk. They penetrated (guan) [the star groups] Wuche(in Auriga), Dongjing (in Gemini), Yugui (in Cancer), Zui and Shen (both in Orion), Bi (in Taurus), Liu (in Hydra), and Xuanyuan (in Leo). After the third watch (i.e., after about 1:30 a.m), they disappeared.”
A full presentation and translation of the record in the Xin Tangshu (v. 32, p. 836) is as follows:
Χ大曆十年…十二月丙子,月出東方,上有白氣十餘道,如匹練,貫五車及畢、觜觿、參、東井、輿鬼、柳、軒轅,中夜散去。“Dali reign period, 10th year, 12th lunar month, day bingzi (12) [= AD 776 Jan 12], the Moon appeared (= rose) in the eastern direction. Above it there were more than ten streaks (dao) of white vapour (baiqi). They were like unspun silk. They penetrated (guan) [the star groups] Wuche and Bi, Zuixi, Shen, Dongjing, Yugui, Liu, and Xuanyuan. After midnight they disappeared.”
Stephenson et al, in their review of the latter case, list several different reasons for doubting it applies to the 774 Miyake Event. First, scientists who had earlier sought to plunder Chinese records for astronomical data had not associated the “white vapour” seen in 776 with aurora; second, the “vapour” was seen in the east and south, not the north where an astronomer would expect it to have been seen it if was an aurora, and, third, the Chinese astronomers who recorded it described it as being seen “above the moon”, which may more convincingly suggest that what was witnessed was a lunar halo. I’d add that, once again, an early 776 date is not an exact match for the 774/5 Miyake Event, either, though of course it might match well with the revised dating proposed by the Hayawaka team. Finally, the manner in which the physicists involved in this project have assembled a grab-bag of what might well be very different observations of different events that took place on different dates (and were also differently interpreted by contemporaries) is surely indicated by the very different descriptions – red crucifix, white streaks – that appear in the Saxon and the Chinese records.
I’m pinging our Chinese-reading flair u/EnclavedMicrostate at this point, since it is possible that someone with a more complete understanding of how the Chinese of the Tang period understood and recorded celestial phenomena may be able to add crucial context to these records of a qi phenomenon. (Very loosely, qi may be defined as a sort of life force, and both traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese martial arts are quite heavily concerned with attempts to manipulate, balance, or disrupt it. For example, the infamous “Delayed Death Touch” sometimes associated with advanced martial arts is supposed to be a product of disruption of the victim’s qi.)
What all this tells us, I suspect, is that while primary historical sources may be useful to scientists seeking to understand historical physical events, it would be a good idea if the scientists who compose papers about the physics brought in appropriately specialist historians to consult on the records that they’re interested in, rather than attempting to interpret them for themselves. On the whole, and despite being based in university environments where such cross-disciplinary conversations ought not to be easily possible, they don’t do this. It’s a missed opportunity.
Sources
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle online, for the 8th century
R.C. Carrington, “Description of a singular appearance seen in the sun on September 1, 1859,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society vol.XX (11 Nov 1859)
Michael Goss, “The touch of death,” Fortean Times 31 (1980)
H. Hayakawa et al, “The celestial sign in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and solar activity around the 770s,” Solar Physics 294 (2019)
F. Miyake et al, “A single-year cosmic ray event in 5410 BCE registered in 14C of tree rings,” Geophysical Research Letters 48 (16 June 2021)
Nick Ogasa, “Catastrophic solar storms may not explain shadows of radiation in trees”, Science News, 7 Nov 2022
F. Richard Stephenson et al, “Do the Chinese astronomical records dated AD776 January 12/13 describe an auroral display or a lunar halo? A critical re-examination,” Solar Physics 294 (2019)
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I thought the number would be higher, I guess we can take this estimate as the bare minimum. The spreadsheet is here:
H/T Lot’s Wife
This recently published paper shows that consistent coffee drinkers enjoy reduced risk of infection. Coffee’s polyphenols and antioxidants appear to up-regulate the immune system. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee showed similar results. Extensive details here:
Of course, water quality is crucial. If you share the assertion that coffee is best brewed with clean water, Fox water is preferred. Arguably a source of some of the cleanest water in the region.
Listed contaminates in Fairbanks city water:
https://www.myutility.us/akwater/water-safety/water-quality-reports